This condition has encouraged the creation, adoption, and strengthening of various policy strategies and novel processes to minimize the waste impact on humans and the environment. Low-income countries spend 20% of their budgets on waste treatment on average, with an upward of 90% of wastes either openly dumped or burned, a key cause of environmental pollution and harmful health impacts. Furthermore, solid waste management alone produced 1.6 billion tons of CO 2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions in 2016, accounting for approximately 5% of global emissions.
Meanwhile, approximately 2.01 billion tons of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are being collected globally annually and are anticipated to grow to 3.40 billion tons by 2025. According to the World Bank project, by 2050, wastes will significantly exceed population growth by more than double. Because of human population growth, accelerated industrialization, and urbanization, there is a steady rise in generated wastes.
